LEUKEMIA

Leukemia; in Greek leukos λευκός, "white"; AIMA αίμα, "blood"), or more commonly known as blood cancer is a disease in cancer classification (medical term: neoplasm) in the blood or bone marrow characterized by the abnormal or malignant transformation of blood-forming cells in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, generally occurs in leukocytes (white blood cells) Natural history of disease: acute and chronic
Acute leukemia is characterized by a very rapid course of the disease, lethal, and worse. If not treated promptly, the patient may die in a matter of weeks to days. While the course of the disease have chronic leukemia is not so fast that it has a longer life expectancy, up to more than 1 year even reached 5 years.[Edit] The predominant cell type involved: lymphoid and myeloid
Then, the disease is classified by type of cells found in peripheral blood preparations.

    * When leukemia affects lymphocytes or lymphoid cells, it is called lymphocytic leukemia.
    * When leukemia affects myeloid cells such as neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils, it is called leukemia mielositik.
The number of leukocytes in the blood

    * Leukemia leukemik, when the number of leukocytes in the blood more than normal, there are abnormal cells
    * Leukemia subleukemik, when the number of leukocytes in the blood less than normal, there are abnormal cells
    * Leukemia aleukemik, when the number of leukocytes in the blood less than normal, there are no abnormal cells
 The prevalence of four major types
By combining the first two classifications, the leukemia can be divided into:

    * Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in children. The disease is also present in adults who primarily have been aged 65 years or more
    * Mielositik acute leukemia (LMA) is more common in adults than children was formerly called anak.Tipe nonlimfositik acute leukemia.
    * Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (LLK) often affects adults over the age of 55 years. Sometimes it also affects young adults, and almost none on children
    * Mielositik Chronic Leukemia (CML) often occurs in adults. Can also occur in children, but very little
Type that often affects adults is LMA and LLK, while the LLA often occurs in children.

 Pathogenesis
Acute and chronic leukemia is a form of malignancy or malignant clonal propagation that arise from the cells forming the blood cells that are not controlled. Normal cellular control mechanisms may not work properly due to a change in the genetic code that should be responsible for the regulation and differentiation of cells pertubuhan.
Leukemia cells undergo a recycling time is slower than normal cells. Ripening or maturation process is incomplete and slow walk and last longer than a normal cell type.[Edit] Etiology
The cause of leukemia is not known with certainty, but it is known that several factors can affect the frequency of leukemia, such as:[Edit] Radiation
Radiation can increase the frequency of LMA and LMA. There are no reports about the relationship between radiation with LLK. Several reports that support:

    * Radiologist Employees often suffer from leukemia
    * Patients with radiotherapy more often suffer from leukemia
    * Leukemia incidence was found in atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
 Factors leukemogenik
There are some chemicals that have been identified to affect the frequency of leukemia:

    * Environmental toxins such as benzene
    * Industrial chemicals such as insecticides
    * Drugs for chemotherapy
Epidemiology

    * In Africa, 10-20% of patients had LMA kloroma around the eye orbit
    * In Kenya, China, and India, LMK on patients aged 20-40 years
    * In the East Asia and East India LLK rare.
 Hereditary
People with Down syndrome have an incidence of acute leukemia 20 times greater than normal people. Virus
Viruses such as retroviruses can cause leukemia, feline leukemia virus, HTLV-1 in adults.Acute LeukemiaClinical manifestations
Manifestations of acute leukemia is the result of complications that occur in hematopoietic neoplasms in general. But each has his trademark acute leukemia respectively. Broadly speaking, acute leukemia has 3 main signs are:

    * The number of cells in the periphery is very high, resulting in tissue infiltration or leukostasis
    * Replacement of normal bone marrow elements which can result in complications as a result of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia
    * Expenditures physiologic factors that lead to significant complications
 Instrument diagnostics
Acute leukemia can be diagnosed through several tools, such as:

    * Examination of morphology: peripheral blood, bone marrow aspiration, bone marrow biopsy
    * Cytochemical staining
    * Immunofenotipe
    * Cytogenetics
    * Molecular diagnostics. Normal cells in the bone marrow was replaced by normal or abnormal cells. These abnormal cells out of the marrow and can be found in the peripheral blood or peripheral blood. Hematopoiesis or leukemia cells affect the formation of normal blood cells and immune patients.

The word leukemia means white blood, because the people found a lot of white blood cells before therapy was given. White blood cells are cells that look much younger, for example promielosit. This raised the amount that can disrupt the normal function of other cells.

In 2000, there were approximately 256 000 children and adults worldwide suffer from a kind of leukemia, and 209.000 of them die from the disease, Nearly 90% of all patients diagnosed with the adult